Macro Extension Tube

Macro Extension Tube

An Overview of the Underfloor Heating Schema

Underfloor heating is a modernized heating concept, which perhaps owes its origin to the Roman times. It is believed that in those days, civilizations constructed their structures with voids, which enabled circulation of warm air, heated due to the open fire outside, thus maintaining high temperatures inside the premises. Since then times have changed, however one aspect has remained constant and that is the desire to be comfortable in all circumstances, even if the stated required adapting the older methods. The advanced adaptations, like in the case of underfloor heating, proved to be obviously superior and much better conceptualised to enable complete luxury.

The Case of Underfloor Heating

As enumerated above, underfloor heating is a mechanically sophisticated version of the ancient principle, which was aimed at creating a warm inside temperature zone. Presently it is being extensively used throughout Europe, to uniformly heat residential and commercial properties. Herein, the heating equipment is embedded inside the floor, which utilizes the heat conduction and radiant heat mechanisms to control the internal climate. The heating system in this concept could be warm water based or electricity driven, depending upon the precise requirements. In either of the situations, underlying mechanism is almost identical, save few specific system features.

Warm Water Based

In this heating methodology, pipes or tubes are laid into the floor through which warm water circulates and thus coverts the base to a radiant surface. This system is based on a low temperature range say 50OC. The entire setup might accompany higher installation charges, however in the long run, owing to the energy saving features, the economical aspects balance to ensure cost savings. The stated structure offers complete flexibility in terms of pipe types, installation specifics and the control options.

Electrical Systems

An electrical system of underfloor heating works on a similar mechanism, the key difference being the mode of heating. Herein, rather than warm water, electric cable or a heating element is used to generate the same results. The system is cheaper in terms of installation charges, and it also takes less time to install the electric underfloor heating.

Advantages

With the particulars of underfloor heating mechanism outlined, it is now imperative to be precisely clear upon the various positives of this system and thus take a final call. The foremost benefit as extended by this heating model is the comfort level extended. Unlike the available substitutes, which work on a top down approach, underfloor heating works on the principle of bottom up schema. Also as the warm air convects, it losses approximately 2OC, thus creating ambience on the likes of natural surroundings.

Another key advantage of the system is explained from the setup aesthetics. The heating structure is in the floor and thus neither exposed nor bulky. Moreover, the setup is highly energy efficient which is critically important at both micro and macro levels.

The controlling of the system is not a tedious task. Some underfloor heating systems are sensitive to the room and floor temperature and thus adjust automatically to any external changes. The central manifold acts as the distribution point. Moreover, there are options in the category of individual room controls, which can take care of the specific room heating aspects.

With the stated in background, there certainly is a strong enough case in the favour in underfloor heating. The choice is between the available options in this category i.e. water based or electric. While both can suffice, the definite option can be best decided, post an analysis of details like construction type, heating requirements, etc. And underfloor heating continues to grow in popularity as more and more people realise the advantages the heating system has to offer them.

About the Author

Kurt Ashman wrote the Article 'An Overview of the Underfloor Heating Schema' and recommends you visit http://www.gardeningthoughts.co.uk for more information on electrical underfloor heating for log cabins.

How do I calculate magnification ratio? (Photography)?

Is there a formula to calculate magnification ratio?

Actually Magnification ratios are measured by comparing the image size to the subject size used when shooting with macro lenses. Typical ratios are 1:1, 1:2, 1:4.

So knowing the size of the film or sensor is one half the equation.

With your figures, if the image size is 24x36 mm (frame size of a 35 mm camera or "full frame" DSLR) would mean that the subject you are shooting would be 1:5 or five times larger than the frame size (12x18 cm). Most lens makers have the grace not to call one of their lenses a "macro" unless it can resolve down to at least a 1:2 image to subject ratio.

With your camera's sensor that is 23.6 x 15.8 m, the subject would be about 12x79 cm.

Nikon still makes a zoom lens that can resolve to 1:2 (macro) and it is the Nikkor AF 24-85 mm f/2.8~4.

Extension tubes are an excellent way to decrease the image to subject ratio and you can use your standard zoom lens or a 50 mm prime lens for better edge focusing.

** Many generic makers of lenses, cameras and other photographic accessories use a certain marketing latitude when it comes to describing their products.

One of the most over promoted terms now days is "HD". High Definition was used in the professional video arena to describe video cameras that could be used to produce video that could later be released as 35 mm theatrical films. These cameras start at about $15,000 up to around $150,000 and have three different CCD sensors, which individually are much, much larger than any P&S camera which have now claimed to be HD, just because they produce one of the HD specs. like 1280 x 720p. No mention is made to the extremely tiny pixels that capture these images when compared to those on a proper, professional video camera, poorer optics and reduced control found on a professional video camera.

The Flip camera company has had the nerve to call one of their tiny sensored, non-focusing cameras HD. Try converting those videos to 35 mm films for release in theaters.

Close Up Photography

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